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Tiger

10.4 "Tiger," the current iteration of Apple's operating system. We want to let you know that, much like its zoological namesake, Tiger was an extremely dangerous foe. Apple's Tiger release of macOS was the fifth significant update and was made available in April 2005. Leopard (10.5, introduced in 2007) came after it, and Panther (10.3) came before it. One of Tiger's defining features was the introduction of Spotlight, a powerful search tool that made it easy to find files, emails, and other data types on your computer. Spotlight rapidly returns results whether you're searching by keyword, file type, or metadata. Because of this, filing documents and retrieving specific information is now a breeze. Tiger also had a unique extra feature named Dashboard. Widgets, which provided real-time updates on the weather, market prices, and upcoming events, were made available to users via a simulated desktop. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript allow you to build unique gadgets. Under the hood, Tiger was built with a UNIX-based architecture, which gave it an extremely high degree of stability and dependability. Modern features like 64-bit computing were also incorporated, making this macOS version more powerful and efficient than its predecessors. Remember to include the fun stuff, okay? The ability to minimize windows in a three-dimensional "cube" and "genie" effects that gave the appearance that windows were being drawn into the Dock were just two of the many new graphical products introduced in Tiger. In general, the introduction of macOS Tiger was a huge step forward for the OS because it included so many groundbreaking innovations. Until Leopard came along and took its place, it was the longest-running macOS release ever. For those lucky enough to use it, however, the Tiger operating system will always be known as a powerful and capable piece of software that significantly improves the quality of our computing experiences.

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Initial Sequence Numbers (ISN)

When trying to connect to someone and send them a message, you must repeatedly send them a different message. That would be pretty annoying—they'd get the same thing every time they opened their inbox! How do we make sure we don't send duplicates? Easy: we use a unique sequence number for each message. An Initial Sequence Number (ISN) is a 32-bit sequence number assigned to each new connection on a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)-based data communication. It helps allocate a sequence number that does not conflict with other data bytes transmitted over a TCP connection. An ISN is unique to each link and separated by each device. Connecting to the internet, your computer, and the other computers relates to the TCP protocol. It means they have to communicate in a way that allows them to understand each other and ensure everything runs smoothly. They use an ISN, which stands for Initial Sequence Number. TCP connections are the opposite of a long-term relationship: they're short, weird, and always end in tears (or a bad link). When you first connect to a server, you must send some information to prove you know what you're doing. Then, the server responds with its data. That's when we have to pick starting numbers for all of it—so we don't accidentally use the same sequence number again! To ensure this doesn't happen, we randomly select an ISN from 0 to 4,294,967,295 every time we connect to a new server. We even pick different numbers for each byte in that first packet! That way, if someone else were also trying to communicate simultaneously with us (and they were also using their computer), they wouldn't use one of our sins because they'd be different from ours—they'd get their own randomly generated ISNs instead.

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Object-Oriented Design (OOD)

Object-oriented design is a process for designing computing systems and applications. The goal is to create something flexible, easy to maintain, and easy to use. The object-oriented methodology is based on developing software solutions by building them around objects. A software solution can provide some functionality—like a website or a piece of software—and is made using a specific set of tools and techniques. As part of the object-oriented programming (OOP) process or lifecycle, OOD breaks down complex problems into minor issues with more manageable solutions. OOD helps developers focus on solving one piece at a time instead of trying to solve everything at once. Object-oriented design (OOD) is a method that enables you to design the architecture of an object-oriented system. It's a structured approach to building your project, which has been proven to improve efficiency and reduce bugs in the long run. The first step in OOD is object-oriented analysis (OOA), where you analyze your problem and figure out what it needs to do. This helps you identify the objects required to solve it so that when you move on to the second step—object-oriented design (OOD)—you'll have some idea of what those objects should look like. Once you've done OOA, you can start designing each object using an object-oriented programming language (OOPL), like Java or C++. The OOD process is a close cousin of the OOA phase. It takes the conceptual systems model, use cases, relational system model and other analysis data as input from the OOA phase. This is what the Object-Oriented Design (OOD) uses to identify and define the classes and objects in a system, as well as their relationships, interfaces, and implementations. One way to think about it is as follows: OOA is the appearance of the exterior of your house, and OOD is the appearance of the inside of your home.

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