What Is V.92?
What's so great about V. 92? Well, for one thing, it's an ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector standard for modems that enhancements to recommendation V. 90. It emerged in 1999 and allowed 56 Kbps downloads and 48 Kbps uploads. It provides improved error correction capabilities by using a packet loss concealment algorithm (PLC) which helps to reduce the number of errors during transmission over a phone line. It supports a maximum throughput rate of 57,600 bps (bits per second). The connection must be error-free to achieve the highest speeds with V. 92. the modem must "remember" the last few seconds of data received, analyze it, and decide whether or not to try another approach next time. If there is even a single bit of uncorrectable data in the last few seconds, the modem stops the connection and starts again. It is called "hard handshaking". When hard handshaking is enabled, a momentary pause occurs in the relationship when you first start it up. It is normal; once you know that you have a good connection, you can turn off hard handshaking; the V. 92 standard, released in 2001, improved over V. 90. It allowed pulse-code modulation (PCM) for both upstream and downstream connections; V. 90 only allowed this for downstream connections. Despite this improvement, V. 92 still required one analog/digital conversion, and even by 2003, most modems did not support PCM upstream. Two modems supporting PCM upstream, 3Com and Patton, only allowed a maximum upstream rate of 33. 3 Kbps, even less than the maximum V. 34 rate! Did you know that V.44 compression could increase your modem's throughput by 15%? That's half of what it was before. In some cases, depending on how much noise is online and how much data has been compressed, you could be getting as high as 320 Kbps for pure text files and 160 Kbps for uncompressed files!
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Trending Definitions
Optical Network
Optical networks can be compared to a motorway for data. Pulses of light (photons) speed along the glass or plastic fibers in place of automobiles. Information may be sent from one location to another at light speed because these fibers act like microscopic tunnels. Let's get into the nitty gritty details now. Each endpoint in an Optical Network—the Optical Line Terminals (OLTs) and Optical Network Units (ONUs)—is connected by optical fibers. Like a traffic controller, the OLT takes information from multiple sources and routes it to the appropriate ONUs. In contrast, ONUs act as the highway's exit ramps, diverting data from the optical fibers and directing them to specific buildings. The incredible volume of data that may be transmitted through an optical network is one of its most fascinating features. Multiple terabits per second of data transport are being discussed. Due to this, they are ideal for use with high-definition media and other bandwidth-intensive programs like online gaming and video streaming. What happens when problems arise on the Optical Network? It's okay, and we've got that covered as well. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) allows multiple light-based channels to move in opposite directions simultaneously. This means the data will flow smoothly even if one lane is blocked. Optical networks are also remarkable because of their resistance to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Optical fibers are not susceptible to electrical interference since they are not metallic like copper cables. Instead, they are comprised of plastic or glass. This makes them great for usage in places with high levels of electrical interference, such as oil rigs and factories. That settles the matter, then! Transmission of data via light is fast, secure, and the way of the future in an optical network. That's not even the best part! This incredible technology is widespread today, providing lightning-fast Internet and bringing people together all over the globe like never before. Data transfer over optical networks is analogous to driving on the highway. Light-based signals can transmit vast volumes of data at breakneck speeds, with redundancies including numerous channels and protection from electrical interference. Think about the potential of Optical Networks and their role in linking us all the next time you transmit a video to a friend or watch one online.
...See MoreSecond Generation Wireless (2G)
Remember the good old days when your phone would ring, and you had to run down to your local payphone? Those were the days.2G was the second-generation wireless telephony technology, launched on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland. The 2G network was initially designed to carry voice calls, but as internet access became more common and reliable in the late 1990s, SMS text messaging became available through 2G networks. In 1991, the world changed forever when they launched 2G wireless telephony technology. This new standard was based on the GSM standard, allowing people to communicate with each other over a cell phone network in real-time. It was revolutionary! Before this point, you had to be in a room with someone if you wanted to talk to them—and even then, there were no guarantees that they'd hear you over all of the other noise in their house or office. Now, with 2G, you can call anywhere, anytime! It didn't matter if your friend was standing right next to you or on the other side of town—you could still reach out and touch them through this fantastic technology. The second generation of mobile telephony (2G) was a significant step up from the first, and it gave us many of the features we take for granted today. The most significant upgrade to 2G was digital encryption, which allowed conversations to be protected from hacking. It was a big deal because all calls were transmitted in plain text in the early days of mobile phones. 2G also significantly changed efficiency on the spectrum, allowing for greater penetration by mobile phones. It means you can use your phone for more places than ever before! In addition to these improvements, 2G introduced mobile data services—starting with SMS text messaging—which means that more people had access to information about weather and traffic conditions at any time.
...See MoreZero Trust (ZT)
Zero Trust, or ZT for short, is like the bodyguard of the digital world. It's a security concept that assumes all devices, users, and network connections are untrusted and must be verified and authenticated before access is granted. #security #network In the past, networks were designed with a "castle and moat" mentality. The network's perimeter was the castle walls; everything inside was considered trusted, while everything outside was untrusted. But with the rise of cloud computing and the internet of things, it's become much more challenging to define a clear perimeter, so the old "castle and moat" approach isn't as practical anymore. #perimetersecurity Zero Trust is a new approach to network security that doesn't rely on a single point of protection. Instead, it uses a series of security controls to verify and authenticate devices, users, and connections, regardless of location. #multifactorauthentication One key component of Zero Trust is Micro-segmentation, a technique for segmenting a network into smaller segments, each with its security controls. This allows for granular control over who and what can access different network parts, making it much more difficult for attackers to move laterally and gain unauthorized access. #microsegmentation Another critical component is Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), which is a technique that uses two or more factors to authenticate a user. Factors include something you know (password), something you have (token or phone) and something you are (fingerprint) (fingerprint). Requiring multiple factors to authenticate makes it much more difficult for an attacker to gain access. Continuous monitoring is also an essential aspect of Zero Trust. It's a method for constantly monitoring the network for signs of malicious activity and taking action when necessary. This can include isolating a compromised device or blocking network traffic from a suspicious IP address. #continuousmonitoring So, why is Zero Trust such a big deal? Well, it assumes that all devices, users, and network connections are untrusted, which forces organizations to take a more proactive approach to security. Continuously monitoring the network and implementing security controls makes it much more difficult for attackers to gain unauthorized access. #cybersecurity In short, Zero Trust is a security concept that assumes that all devices, users, and network connections are untrusted and must be verified and authenticated before access is granted. It's like having a bodyguard for your network, ensuring only authorized personnel can access your digital world and everyone else stays out. #zerotrust #networksecurity
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